TRUTH WITH PUBLICATIONS

THE ARMENIAN REBELLIONS

"The centers of revolutionary activity in Turkish Armenia were Zeitun, Van, and Erzurum. The Zeitun Rebellion of 1862 was the beginning of extensive uprisings directed against the Ottoman government."(15)

C.F.Dixon-Johnson explains the fears of the Moslems from the Armenian revolts:

"In Turkey the people have a horror of secret societies and plots, founded on the experience of their own suffering at the hands of the Greek Hetairia and the Bulgarian Komitadjis. The fears of the Turks and the Kurds were genuine. They believed that the members of the once loyal 'millet-i sadıka'(the loyal nation) no longer merited that title, and that they were arming and preparing to massacre the Moslems."(16)

Hratch Dasnabedian evaluates the situation:

"Thus the eighties of the 19th century formed the period of preparation for the phase of armed struggle in the Armenian liberation movement. On both sides of the border revolutionary ferment gained momentum, and underground cells and clandestine armed organizations were formed."(17)

1. Zeitun (1862 and 1895)

The inhabitants of Zeitun were a rebellious community where there were revolts as far back as the 1850's. The last two major rebellions in Zeitun are summarized here.

Nalbandian describes the first major Zeitun rebellion:

"The Zeitun Rebellion of 1862 became the first of a series of insurrections in Turkish Armenia against the Ottoman regime which were inspired by revolutionary ideas that had swept the Armenian world.The Zeitunli insurgents had had direct contacts with certain Armenian intellectuals in Constantinople...These intellectuals were members of an organization called Benevolent Union...A letter, partly written in cipher, dated May 14/28, 1862, from the Benevolent Union member Serobe Tagvorian in Constantinople, to Mikael Nalbandian in St. Petersburg indicates that there were revolutionaries in the Turkish capital who had direct contacts with the Zeitun insurgents...Tagvorian's letter indicates that preparations for the Zeitun Rebellion (August, 1862) were probably begun as early as May, 1862."(18)

On 12 October 1895 another major rebellion took place. This time the Hunchak Party guided the insurrection. Sir Mark Sykes narrates the following about the 1895 rebellion:

"Some Revolutionary Society (The Hunchak Party)not being satisfied with the general state of affairs in Turkey and scenting collections and relief funds in the future, judged it expedient in the year of grace 1895, to dispatch certain emissaries to Armenia.On the warlike population of Zeitun they pinned their hopes of raising a semi-successful revolution, and six of their boldest agents were accorded to that district.What the end of the revolution would be these desperadoes recked little, so long as the attention of Europe was drawn to their cause and their collection-boxes...A number of Furnus and Zeitunli Armenians were in the habit of going to Adana for the purpose of earning money as farmers and handicraftsmen...They were foolish enough to pillage some Turkomans on their way home...The Turkomans addressed themselves in complaint to the Mutesarif of Marash who decided to investigate the affair...The agents (Armenian) saw in this move a chance of bringing matters to a crisis and either attacked, or persuaded the villagers to attack the commission killing Bimbashi (Major) and three of the guard, and carrying off the Christian commissioner with them. The surrounding Armenians ...joined the revolutionaries...The revolutionists decided to attack the garrison at Zeitun in order to force that town to join a jehad against the Osmanlı...Having gained a victory of some importance, the Armenian force proceeded to the Kertul district where they plundered and sacked the Konak.On their way back to Zeitun they committed some most disgraceful murders at Chukarhissar in commemoration of the decease of the late Armenian kingdom which was finally ended at that place.(Writer's note:I was told some ghastly details, but I doubt the veracity of them, as the were related to me by a town Armenian)...They (agents) assembled the refugees driven in by Ali Pasha, and repaired with them to the Konak, where the imprisoned garrison was quartered, and proceeded to murder them with bestial cruelty...After that foolish slaughter...Edhem Pasha...arrived on the scene, and with the assistance of the European Consuls concluded an honorable peace with the town: containing, alas! a clause by which the miserable causes of all this unhappiness and bloodshed were allowed to return unmolested to Europe."(19)

Aghasi, member of the Hunchak Party, who began the rebellion in Zeitun recounts the insurrection in his memoirs:

"I was accompanied by my friends Apah, Meleh, and Heratchia. Towards the end of July, we arrived in Zeitun...On August 7th, the first encounter between Armenians and the gendarmes occurred...On October 10th the government of Zeitun (township center) had sent for the last time two gendarmes to Alabash, to examine , in secret, the situation of the Armenians, in view of a definitive attack. The inhabitants of Alabash, in an outburst of anger, tied these two gendarmes to a tree, and burnt them alive. On October 24th, we hung a red flag in the valley of Karanlık Dere. From that morning forward, the prominent leaders of all the Armenian villages started arriving with some fighters...At noon, we began negotiating. The discussions lasted for two hours:we established the plan of our struggle."(20)

The rebellion which began on 24 October ended on 28 January 1896. The 50 officers and 600 soldiers in the barracks were taken prisoner. Aghasi tells us that most of the prisoners were killed and only 56 of them were able to escape. According to Aghasi, from the beginning until the end of the insurrection, the Turks lost 20,000 men against only 125 Armenians.

The rebellion ended with the agreement proposed by six European powers and which was accepted by the Porte. According to the agreement, the five Hunchak revolutionaries who started the rebellion left Zeitun on 13 February 1896, under the protection of the British Consulate.

2.Erzurum Revolt (20 June 1890)

Han-Azad, one of the founders of the Hunchak Party described this incident in the Hayrenik newspaper published in the US in 1927:

"The founder of the Sansarian School had died in 1890. The government had been informed that there was a workshop in this school which produced weapons. It was thought that the informers were the Armenian Catholic priests. Two hours before the search, an individual named, 'Bogos the dog', belonging to the 'Defenders of the Motherland Society', spread the news that the school would be searched. Immediately, national history books, notebooks, objects which would draw suspicion and curiosity were concealed. Nothing was found during the search.(The denunciation made to the Government was that weapons were produced not only in the school, but also in the Church.The Church and the school were searched in the presence of the church priest and

the school president. This is the reason for the charges that the church was desecrated.) Armenians cried out that the entering of the Turks into the Church was filth and indecency. The men of Gerechian, who was one of the founders of the 'Defenders of the Motherland Society, and who was later killed by the decision of the Erzurum centre of the Dashnaktsutiun Committee the first to engage in provocations among the people. Shops were closed, worship in Church was forbidden, bells were not rung. As soon as they were in control of the situation, they seized this opportunity to yell that Armenians have been free for three days, and that they shall defend their freedom with arms. They demanded that the government reduce taxes and abolish the military conscription tax, that the Church which was desecrated be demolished and built anew, that the 61st article of the Berlin Treaty be implemented. Armenians stayed for 3-4 days in the cemetery, in the Church and in the School yard. Some prominent Armenians, who were trying to disperse the Armenians, were beaten. The order of the government, which demanded that everybody go back to their business, went unheeded. The committee members went around encouraging people. Meanwhile, Gerekchian's brother shot two soldiers and fighting began in the city, and continued till evening. It was believed that there were many casualties. The following day the Consuls visited the city. There were more than 100 dead on both sides, and 200-300 wounded..."

The British Consul, Clifford Lloyd, reports to the Embassy about the Erzurum revolt:

"The order to search the Armenian institutions in Erzurum had come from Constantinople. This search had created some discontent among the Armenians. They decided to close the shops and schools, and send a letter of protest to the Sultan. The Consul tried to pacify them, and persuade them to open the shops. The Moslems and the local authorities saw the closing of the shops as an antagonistic act. The Governor-General discussed for this reason with the Armenian Bishop who returned to the Church advised the people, but the people began demonstrations against the Bishop. Upon this, the Bishop had asked the help of the soldiers, a battalion of soldiers had arrived, and the Armenians had opened fire on the soldiers, had killed two soldiers, and wounded three.Upon this the Moslems attacked the Armenians with sticks and daggers, and chased them as far as the neighborhoods of the Consulates. The British Consul had informed the Governor-General and had asked for help. The unit arrived shortly and was in control of the situation. Meanwhile 12 Armenians were killed and 250 individuals were wounded."(21)

The Erzurum revolt was reported in Europe as a massacre of the Armenians. Europe accepted this as such, and the incident became to be known as the first allegation of a massacre concerning Armenian revolts.

3.Kumkapı demonstration (15 July 1890)

It was the Hunchakian Party which organized the demonstration at Kumkapı.Nalbandian tells about this incident:

"The Hunchakian Revolutionary Party revealed its power for the first time in Constantinople on Sunday, July 15, 1890, when it organized the Demonstration of Kumkapı.The demonstration started in the Armenian Cathedral in the Armenian quarter of Kumkapı. Here Patriarch Khoren Ashikian was addressing a large congregation gathered for the Vartavar services. In the cathedral, Haruthiun Jangulian, a party member, read a Hunchak protest directed to the Sultan which advocated Armenian reforms.

Afterward, he went to the Patriarchate and smashed the Turkish coat of arms. Although the Armenian Patriarch protested, he was forced by the Hunchaks to join them in presenting the protest to the Sultan. Hardly had the procession toward Yıldız Palace started when it was blocked by Turkish soldiers, and a riot ensued in which a number of people were killed and wounded."(22)

The decision to hold a demonstration was taken by the Istanbul Committee of the Hunchak Party.It was led by Jangulian,Damadian and Boyajian. Damadian, later organized an anti-Turkish demonstration in Athens in 1891 and both Damadian and Boyajian took part in the Sassun rebellion.

The Armenians believed that the Kumkapı demonstration was successful in drawing attention of Europe and the Hunchak newspaper send the following message to Europeans: "Armenians shall refuse European proposals that are contrary to their supreme objective, and are ready to fight for this cause until their last drop of blood." in its issue dated 7 September 1890.

At the beginning of 1891, Sultan Abdulhamid declared an amnesty for Armenians. 76 Armenians who were freed in Istanbul went to the Patriarchate and gave an oath that they would never take part in such movements again.However, the agents of the Hunchak Party continued their activities.

4.Merzifon, Kayseri, Yozgat (1892)

Nalbandian writes that the Hunchaks were not deterred."They continued to organize demonstrations and insurrections in town and villages inhabited by Armenians... Hunchak revolutionary activities were markedly evident in 1892 and even more so in 1893".(23)

In the summer of 1892, Merzifon was chosen as the center for propaganda activities.Kaiseri, Yozgat, Chorum, Amasya, Tokat were some other towns where similar activities were carried out.

Nalbandian informs us that "the Hunchaks made the most of Turkish oppression by spreading various alarming reports through their publications, including exaggerations of Turkish atrocities.Hunchak revolutionaries posted placards on public buildings and walls of houses in the regions of Marsovan, Yozgat, Amasia, Chorum, Tokat, Angora, Sivas,and Diarbekiar."(24)

In December 1892, there was an attempt to assassinate the Governor-General of Van.

In September 1893, the Ottoman authorities raided a house of the revolutionaries in Merzifon. The Armenians who were in the house opened fire and threw a bomb at the soldiers. Twenty-five soldiers died or were wounded.

In December of the same year, an Armenian revolt occurred in Yozgat where armed attacks were carried out against the soldiers.

5. The First Sassun Rebellion (August 1894)

Nalbandian records that in the region of Sassun (located in the province of Bitlis) a revolutionary named Damadian, the Hunchaks, and others had been inciting hostilities between the Kurds and the Armenians. In August 1894, an actual rebellion broke out.

In fact, Mihran Damadian, who was one of the leaders of the Kumkapı demonstration first escaped to Athens where he organized anti-Turkish demonstrations in 1891,and later came to Sassun with the aim of inciting the Armenians to rebel.Damadian and his band raided the village Avzim in Mush in December 1892 and killed a Turk named Sergeant Ishak. Hostilities continued between the Kurds and Armenians after the Armenian band attacks. Another Armenian named Boyajian joined Damadian and later pursued his agitation activities.Boyajian band organized many attacks on communities living in the area and pillaged their properties throughout 1894. Nalbandian describes these events: "Murat (Boyajian) and a band of followers started minor acts of aggression against the Kurds, who countered with attacks against the Armenians."(25)

The intervention of the government soldiers met with armed resistance of the Armenians. The Sassun rebellion ended with Boyajian's arrest on 23 August 1894.

According to pro- Armenian writers the number of the Armenians who lost their lives in this rebellion changes between six thousand to twelve thousand. A commission of Consuls of Britain, France and Russia reported the number of the Armenians died as 265. Neither of these sources mentioned the number of the Moslems killed. However, the Commission of the Consuls confirmed the attacks of the Boyajian band.

6.The Babiali demonstration (September 1895)

The Hunchakian Revolutionary Party organized a demonstration in Istanbul on 30 September 1895.

Nalbandian explains that months of secret preparations ended on 28 September 1895. On that day the Hunchaks sent the following letter,written in French, to the Embassies and the Sublime Porte:

"Your Excellency,

The Armenians of Constantinople have decided to make shortly a demonstration, of a strictly peaceful character, in order to give impression to their wishes with regard to the reforms to be introduced in the Armenian provinces. As it is not intended that this demonstration shall be in any way aggressive the intervention of the police and military for the purpose of preventing it may have regrettable consequences, for which we disclaim beforehand all responsibility.

Organizing Committee

Seal of the Hunchak Society"

The observations of Sir P. Currie, the British Ambassador about the aims and the course of the Babıali demonstration organized by the Hunchakians clearly shows the real motive of this organization:

"As I telegraphed to your Lordship on 30th ultimo, a communication bearing the seal of the 'Hindchag', the Armenian Revolutionary Committee, was addressed to the Embassies on the 28th ultimo, stating that a strictly peaceful demonstration was about to be made by the Armenians in order to express their desire for reforms...The demonstration took place on the 30th ultimo, but unhappily it had not the peaceful character attributed to it. The demonstrators were armed with pistols and knives of a uniform pattern which had no doubt been issued to them by the organizers of the movement.

There is good reason to suppose that the object of the 'Hindchag' was to cause disorder and bloodshed with a view to inducing the Powers of Europe to intervene on behalf of the Armenians.

It is stated that 3,000 persons took the Sacrament in the various Armenian churches on the preceding Sunday in order to be prepared for death.

On the morning of the 30th ultimo, crowds of Armenians assembled in various quarters of the town, the largest assemblage being in the Armenian quarter of Koum Kapou.They proceeded towards the Porte in numbers, estimated by eye-witnesses at about 2,000, though this is probably an exaggeration...

Shots were exchanged after the crowd refused to disperse, and the officer of the gendarmerie was killed. About fifteen gendarmes and sixty Armenians fell...It appears that the police charged the Armenians and struck them with butt of their muskets and flat of their swords, and seized upon their leaders: but there seems no doubt that it was the Armenians who fired the first shot."(26)

7. Armenian armed attacks occurred in various cities in 1895

The Armenian rebels continued their armed attacks in various parts of the Empire throughout 1895-1896. Some significant ones are in the following:

In Trabzon, the former Governor-General of Van and the Trabzon commander were attacked and wounded by two Armenians on 2 October 1895.

In Erzincan, Armenian volunteers shot several moslems in the local weekly market on 21 October 1895.

In Bitlis, Armenians attacked a mosque as the Moslems were praying on 25 October 1895.

In Marash, Armenians opened fire on Moslems on 27 October 1895.

In Erzurum, a group of armed Armenians entered the Government Office with the aim of assassinating the Governor and the staff, and killed the gendarmes who countered them on 30 October 1895.

In Diyarbekir, again shots were fired by Armenians on the Moslems praying in the mosque on 2 November 1895. Fire started later in the mosques, Muslim theological schools, and shops, ninety percent of which belonged to Moslems.

In Malatya, an Armenian barber killed a Muslim customer by cutting his throat with a razor at his shop which incited the Malatya incident on 4 November 1895.

In Harput, an Armenian fired at and wounded three Moslems which incited clashes on 7 November 1985.

8.Van (1895-1896)

Van was the center of the revolutionary Armenian Party Armenekan.The party was organized in Van in 1886. Armenian organizations such as "The Goodwill Society" advocating revolutionary resistance which were established in Russian Armenia were also active in Van.

The Armenian revolutionaries aimed at arming the Armenians in this town.

General Mayewski, Russian Consul for six years in Van and later in Erzurum informs us about the activities of these groups in Van:

"In 1895, the revolutionaries of Van were working to draw the attention of Europe once again to the Armenian question. Letters were sent to wealthy Armenians asking for money, threatening them with death. During this time, some political crimes were committed by order of the revolutionary committee of Van. The most important of these crimes was perpetrated on January 6th, that is on the day of the biggest Armenian holiday, on the person of the priest Bogos, as he was on his way to church to celebrate the holy service. The poor old man had been condemned to death, as he had strongly opposed the ignominious deeds of certain revolutionaries.

During the winter of 1895-96, young Armenians gathered in the spacious rooms of the houses near the Russian consulate(in Van), where they engaged in patrol and even detachment drills, and sometimes, transported by their zeal, they practiced shooting.

As happens everywhere, with spring, the preparations of the revolutionary movement began to gain importance. One even heard of certain attempts, such as the murder of some Kurds in the proximity of the city, whose bodies had been cut to pieces. The revolutionaries, seeing that no investigation was carried out in regard to these murders, increasingly plucked up courage. However, the patience of Moslems was being exhausted in proportion to the Armenians' audacity."(27)

British Consul Williams informs us that the Dashnaks had 400 members in Van and the Hunchaks had around 50 members. He tells us also that the Armenians not only terrorized their coreligionists but also provoked the Muslim community with their excesses and frenzy.(28)

In June, Armenian bands fired on the gendarmes patrolling behind the Armenian quarter of the Van orchards and wounded the commander and a soldier. The next day in the afternoon, the Armenians opened fire on civilian Moslems from the houses in this quarter. The soldiers intervened to prevent further incident. But the Armenians had fortified the houses and did not let anyone approach them. They refused the demand of the British, French, Iranian and Russian Consuls to lay down their arms. Instead, they escaped the city toward Iran and attacked the Shemiski tribe in the village of Salhane. Soldiers were sent to the area. The rebellion ended with an armed confrontation between the Armenians and the soldiers. As a result 340 Moslems and 219 Armenians were dead and 260 Muslims and 59 Armenians were wounded.

Armed confrontations between Armenian bands and the Moslems continued in the neighboring villages. Thus, the revolt which began on 14 June continued until the 24th. In total, 418 Moslems and 1,715 Armenians died and 363 Moslems and 71 Armenians were wounded.

9.The raid on the Bank Ottoman (26 August 1896)

The raid on the Bank Ottoman was organized by the Dashnag Committee on 26 August 1896. The raiders were led by a Dashnak revolutionist named Babken Suni. Gerard Libaridian describes this attack as "the first recorded act of urban terrorism".(29)

Hayik Tiryakian, who also took part in the raid gives the following account of this event:

"August 26th, 6:30 in the morning, 6 people were sufficient to begin the occupation. We set out early, with sacks full of bombs on our shoulders and guns in our hands. As we approached the Bank, we heard the sound of guns and bombs thrown by our vanguard friends. We rushed into the Bank. They thought we were robbers. I told them not to be afraid. The bombs were giving incredible results, they did not kill instantly, but tore their flesh apart, and made them writhe with pain and agony. We went with Garo ( Armen Garo alias Karekin Pasdermadjian, was elected deputy to the National Assembly from Erzurum during the 1908 Constitutional Government and later fought against Turkey in Caucasia with his band during the First World War)to the President's office, and wrote down our conditions. We demand that the Powers fulfill our requests, that those who took part in this confrontation be freed: if not, we would blow up the Bank with ourselves. There were 17 left who could fight. Three had died, six of our friends had been wounded. Our enemies' casualties were also heavy."(30)

Simultaneous agitations by the Armenians continued in various parts of Istanbul. The British Embassy in its telegram of 30th August reports: "It cannot be denied that this constant bomb throwing by Armenians has seriously provoked the Turks." According to British sources 120 soldiers were killed and 25 wounded. 300 Moslems were arrested because of the incidents after the raid. A special court was established to try the Moslems and the Armenians who were arrested because of the disorders that continued for a few days after the raid.

17 Armenian raiders left the Bank and were sent to France after the intervention of Sir Edgar Vincent, the Bank's President with Maximoff, the Russian Embassy's head dragoman, who represented the Powers.

10. The Second Sassun Rebellion (1904)

The second Sassun rebellion was also instigated by the Dashnaktsutiun Committee. Antranik had the responsibility to organize the attacks of the armed bands. Although the Tashnaks, who since 1897 had begun to enter the Ottoman land from Iran and through the Van region and attack the Kurdish tribes, the actual rebellion began to spread from 1903 onward. K. Kukulyan, writes about the Antranik's attacks in his book entitled "The Antranik Battles" published in 1929 in Beirut:

"In April 1904, the Armenian rebellions spread from the hills of Sassun and the plain of Mush to Van. The Consuls mediated and offered an agreement with Antranik. Among the band leaders were the renowned Dashnak Committee members of Mush and Sassun,Murad of Sivas, Sebuk,Kevork Mko, and the new revolutionary Sempad... The Dashnaktsutiun bureau met with the representatives of the Mush Central Committee, and chose Antranik to be the commander. Sebuk was seriously wounded. Keork of Akcha died. The renowned Hirayr, who did not want to leave Sebuk to the enemies, and tried to take him along, was also shot."

According to Armenian sources about one thousand Turks and just 19 Armenians were killed during the confrontations.

11.The assassination attempt on Sultan Abdul Hamid (1905)

This attack was also carried out by the Dashnaktsutiun Committee. The assassination attempt occurred on 21 July 1905. The bombs placed under the carriage of the Sultan exploded before he got in. The Sultan pardoned the assailants.

Dashnabedian tells us about the organization of this attack:

"The final decision (to assassinate the Sultan) was taken during the meeting of the Demonstrative Body in Athens, in the summer of 1904. Kristapor headed the entire operation, which along with the Nzhouyk (steed) mission, had several other aspects (including acts of sabotage in Smyrna, where a number of European interests were present). Along with the appointed members of the Demonstrative Body, other revolutionaries-Armenian and non-Armenian- were invited to participate. In the following months, nearly all of them went to Constantinople under false names.Only a few remained in Bulgaria, to make arrangements for transporting explosives and other materials to Turkey." (31)

Kristapor died in an accidental explosion of the bombs in Sofia. Another member of the ARF, Safo, implemented the plan for the assassination.

The period starting with the 1890 Erzurum incident and ending with the 1896 Van rebellion is known in the West as the period of "massacres". According to various views the number of Moslems who died during the Armenian rebellions start from 5,000 and exceeds 25,000 (Aghasi claims that 20,000 Turks were killed only in the Zeitun rebellion).

12.The Adana insurrection (1909)

On April 14, 1909 an armed confrontation began between the Moslems and Armenians in Adana. The British Embassy reports the reasons for this development:

"After the proclamation of the constitution ( 24 July 1908)nearly none in Adana was really satisfied. The Turks hated the idea that they were no longer masters. The Armenians wanted to rush into Home Rule. The Greek mistrusted the constitution because he had not made it himself and because under it he seemed likely to lose certain facilities he had enjoyed under the old venal system...

Under the constitution all men might bear arms. From the deligtful novelty of the thing, many thousands of revolvers were purchased. Even schoolboys had them and, boy-like, flourished them about. But worse followed. The swagger of the arm-bearing Armenian and his ready tongue irritated the ignorant Turks. Threats and insults passed on both sides. Certain Armenian leaders, delegates from Constantinople, and priests urged their congregations to buy arms. It was done openly, indiscreetly, and, in some cases, it might be said wickedly. What can be thought of a preacher, a Russian Armenian, who in a church in this city where there had never been a massacre, preached revenge for the martyrs of 1895? Constitution or none, it was all the same for him. 'Revenge' he said, 'murder for murder'. Buy arms.'A Turk for every Armenian of 1895'.An American missionary who was present got up and left the church. Bishop Mushech, of Adana, toured his province preaching that he who had a coat should sell it and buy a gun."(32)

The British Ambassador, in another report dated May 4, 1909, writes that the Armenian Patriarch was responsible to a great extent for the incidents.(1)

The incidents spread when Armenians killed two young Moslems and refused to hand over the assailant, and Moslems and Armenians fought in the streets for three days.

The clashes stopped after the intervention of the soldiers dispatched to the area by the Government.

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15.Louise Nalbandian,The Armenian Revolutionary Movement (California 1963)p.67

16.C.F.Dixon-Johnson, The Armenians (Blackburn, 1916),pp.24-25

17.Hratch Dasnabedian, History of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation 1890-1924 (Milan,1989), p.21

18. Nalbandian, op. cit., pp.71-73

19. Dixon-Johnson, op. cit., p.33

20.Aghasi,Zeitoun,Traduction d'Archag Tchobanian(Paris 1897),pp.186,193,197

21.British Blue Books on Turkey,No.1(1889)No.85,enclosure 3.

22. Nalbandian, op. cit., p.118

23. Ibid, p.119

24. Nalbandian, op.cit., pp.119,120

25. Nalbandian, op. cit., p.121

26. F.O.424/184,pp.20-22,No. 36

27.General Mayewski, Statistique des Provinces de Van et de Bitlis,pp.33-9

28.British Blue Book on Turkey,No.8 (1896),No.117, enc.1

29. Gerard Libaridian, Armenia at the Crossroads (USA,1991), p.17

30. Vartanian, History of Dashnaktsutiun, pp.160-3

31. Dasnabedian, op. cit., p.76

32. F.O. 424/220,No. 48,enc.

 INAF Haber Ajansı

mb-bilgi@dumlupinar.edu.tr